Gay Lingo as a Form of Deviance - Free Essay Example

GAY LINGO AS A FORM OF INNOVATIVE DEVIANCE Sociology 101 Dr. Aleli Sevilla September 8, 2010 I. IDENTIFICATION OF THE PROBLEM AND HYPOTHESIS This paper aims to answer the following questions: 1. How did Gay Lingo evolve to become a form of innovative deviance? 2. Does the use of Gay Lingo by the society equate to the acceptance of homosexuals in the Philippines? The researchers have formulated the following hypotheses as preliminary answers to the questions stated above: 1. Gay Lingo resulted from the sheltered emotions of homosexuals here in the Philippines. Their desire to protect themselves against the discriminating faces of society brought about the colorful language that it is today. 2. The researchers believe that the extensive use of Gay Lingo today have somewhat sped up the sluggish acceptance of homosexuality by a highly patriarchal society. II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Gay Language: Defying the Structural Limits of English Language in the Philippines Binabae and bak la are familiar words in Filipino street talk. But what about badaf, baklush, and baklers? These are a little confusing for the average Filipino speaker, while the expressions Bading Garci, pa-mihn, pa-girl, x-men, will lose most expert speakers of the Filipino language. These are terms which are heard â€Å"only in the Philippines†; as the local TV advertisement says, ‘Walang ganyan sa States’ (â€Å"You don’t have that in the States†). In the Philippines, where sexual orientation has become a moral, political, and social issue of acceptability, homosexuals have become victims of condemnation—in school, at the workplace, in church, or elsewhere. These places therefore have become daily battlegrounds for them, and to win this bloodless battle, they have developed a most potent weapon that will shield them from flying missiles of verbal incantation and poetic malady (such as multong bakla and salot sa lipunan) fired by people with strong patriarchal orientations. The new, vibrant, potent weapon of marginalized gays is language—creatively crafted like a magic spell that colors their tongue and weaves their protection. It is a language that only the homosexuals can understand. Gayspeak† or gay language in the Philippines is a form of verbal sublimation of gay people against the domineering power of patriarchy. Yet the positive response of the people outside the gay community to gayspeak has ironically rewarded the homosexuals, giving them the chance to penetrate mainstream culture and to be socially accepted in it. Binabae, bakla, budaf, baklush, baklers, bading garci, pa-mihn, pa-girl, x-men—all these expressions actually have only one meaning: bakla or gay. Gay language is, as Remoto puts it, â€Å"forever advent, forever beginning, forever new. Over the years, more and more words have been added to the semantic lists of gayspeak in the Philippines; gay words are â€Å"continuously updatedâ₠¬  (Remoto) while some words â€Å"eventually die and lose their value† (Baytan 261). In spite of this, gayspeak enjoys â€Å"freedom from the rules and dictates of the society† (Suguitan 1). A better way of describing this creative language is the way Remoto puts it: â€Å"full of slippage and cracks—a language at once sophisticated and vulgar, serious and light, timely and timeless. † Casabal, Norberto (2008, August). Gay Language: Defying the Structural Limits of English Language in the Philippines. Retrieved from https://150. ateneo. edu/kritikakultura/images/pdf/kk11/gay. pdf Swardspeak as a Means to the Formation of the Male Homosexual’s Social Identity Aside from identity purposes, the gay language also forms a dividing line between the bigger society and the male homosexuals’ society. Swardspeak may be a form of deception as it tends to mislead the common people in a way that they would not be aware of what the male homosexuals a re talking about (especially if it is about sex, boyfriends, etc. The gay language definitely does not belong to the regular trait complex of ideas and actual words used, which a number of persons conform to similar situation and therefore, might be seen improper, inappropriate, [comma mine] and basically wrong as dictated by the social norms (standards of behavior) that make up a culture. However, the acceptance and adaption [sic] to something which is not established or proper to one’s cultural pattern marks a change brought about by the exposure of the members to the language different from their own, their opportunity to accept it and the way the language was diffused. Indeed, swardspeak has a way with the life of the male homosexuals [sic], for reasons important to them that common people may not know, the use of it can be considered justifiable. But what really is swardspeak? What is it for? What implications does it have on the social environment of male homosexuals ? Only very recently did social scientists investigate the social facade of male homosexuals yet has been very limited to areas related to behavioral indices. Clemente, M. D. , Saavedra, M. , Vera-Cruz, C. 1991, January). Swardspeak as a Means to the Formation of the Male Homosexuals’ Social Identity (College Thesis). Gay: [sic] Lingo the Reasons Behind Its Use Why do male overt homosexuals speak in such a strange tongue? What is it really that makes them use the gay lingo or the swardspeak, as the lingo has been labeled? According to Abraham Florendo (1975), the lingo which he calls â€Å"a linguistic gymnastics†, succeeds in drawing a gay person into a clique and â€Å"the clique satisfies his basic needs to belong†. He also adds that the desire to belong entails a sense of freedom; where there is freedom, there are chances for personal fulfillment. In addition to this, Vetter (1969) stated that swardspeak can be considered as a device communicating the co ntext of an expression and is as much as a sign of â€Å"belongingness and togetherness†. The words used by homosexuals are either symbols or codes. They are understood as affirmations that one is a particular kind of person, or a fellow member of an in-group. Hence the emergence of swardspeak may be justified in the sense that this special language indicates the homosexual’s acceptability and belongingness in the confines of their own group. Furthermore, gay lingo can also be seen as a form of rebellion against the common people or the normal society to which they cannot conform. Homosexuals prefer to call themselves gays, have to create a world entirely their own, precisely because they belong neither to the male nor to the female sex, in order to feel even a semblance of that elusive sense of belonging (Galang, 1988). Another reason for having gay lingo is to achieve a mark of exclusivity. Besides stressing a sense of belongingness among group members, it was also stated that a defensive structure which is gay lingo is constructed to have a sense of exclusiveness in identity, and alienate or perplex outsiders. It is said to be the gay’s cocoon; it weaves silken barriers around their insecurities and their secrets as well as their joys (Rezaba, 1990). In connection to this, Herr (1945) viewed that the language of homosexuals is something which associates them with their own world. Their use of these words (mostly uncommon to many individuals) enable them to further express themselves, if not to the common people around them, even just to the people of their own kind. Gay lingo is also used to reinforce fantasies (Carlos, 1992). It is an effective way to mask vulgarity to which the layman would consider if spoken directly. It is a sort of talking in code, the whole purpose of being is to obscure meaning. The sward idiom for instance, is used by the gays so as not to shock the people who hear them (Rezaba, 1990). This lingo is also able to give the gays joy upon its invention and a sense of showing off—of the imaginativeness, flexibility, and range behind its creation (Fernandez, 1981). Carlos (1992), even adds that this lingo is so exclusive that its users pride themselves with the fact that they have something which straights don’t have. However, in an article by Rezaba (1990), a more mandane [sic] view of the gays having their own lingo was stated. He said that it is a way of releasing boredom. When a sward is not playing around with mind, he is playing around with words. In an interview with Dr. Lydia Acampado, a psychiatrist, done by Catherine Carlos (1992), she said that gay lingo is the result of common interest and experiences. She explained that whenever a group of people with common interests and backgrounds gather together, they adjust their language to a level deserving of their status, therefore consciously, developing a sub-language that distinguishes the members of the grou p from outsiders. Thus, constituting a form of linguistic territoriality. Pesigan, G. , Supnet, M. R. , Tongol, C. (1995). Gay Lingo: The Reasons Behind Its Use (College Thesis) A Study on the Usage of Gay Lingo Among Heterosexual Students in University of the Philippines College of Arts and Letters However, it has been noticed that some heterosexuals also make use of the gay language. This is quite intriguing. If the gays use this language to form a bond among themselves, then why do even non-gays use gay lingo? Do they need to forge a bond with gays? Gay language, also known as â€Å"swardspeak†, has become common in everyday conversations. Curiosity about those questions has led the researchers to undertake this study. According to Ernesto Constantino in the book of Naval, et al. (1997), one of the distinct characteristics of language is that it is dynamic and ever-changing. The evolution of numerous gay terminologies such as chika, chaka, okray, ititch, tsuk-tsak a nd tienes help in the progress of our national language. A language is a social institution designed, modified and extended to meet the ever-changing needs of the culture and sub-culture (De Vito, Joseph). Thus, new terms will eventually enter the general language. As gay terms develop, other sectors aside from homosexuals will also use the language, thus becomes socially acceptable. Garcia, N. , Trinidad, J. M. , Verzosa, M. L. , Villarmino, Z. (1998, January). A Study on the Usage of Gay Lingo Among Heterosexual Students in University of the Philippines College of Arts and Letters (College Thesis). III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY For this paper, the researchers have decided to conduct a purely analytical study of gathered data, including a survey to be conducted among our International Studies block. Since this is a mini-research, the researchers feel that thirty-plus respondents will suffice for us to answer the problems stated in chapter 1. Besides conducting a survey, the rese archers will make extensive use of more related literature which might prove relevant to our study.

We Must Live Streaming And Broadcasting - 1600 Words

Introduction Live streaming and broadcasting allow us to see what is happening around the world just as it happens. The way live broadcasting is done now is completely different than how it was done in previous years. First, only televisions could do live transmission because of the heavy and costly equipment that was needed but with the boost in social media and technology, anyone can shoot, upload and make the video go viral and reach out to the people by just using the mobile device. No filters, no editing, just live rolling news or coverage, by everyone for everyone. The audience gets most of their news from the internet and social media these days. Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter all have introduced the Live feature. World Wide Worx MD, Arthur Goldstuck said, Visual media is coming to dominate mobile usage, with both image-based and video-based content accelerating in take-up, and becoming the preferred medium for content, especially among younger users. We will see many more innovations in how content is delivered to or from phones in the coming years, as it will be seen as an opportunity for differentiation in an environment where the physical form factor provides ever-decreasing opportunities for doing so. On July 6th, a 32-year-old black man from Minnesota, Philando Castile, was driving with his girlfriend and three-year-old daughter, when he was stopped by the police over broken tail light. A few months later, he was shot dead by the police during theShow MoreRelatedFederal Funding For Public Broadcasting1731 Words   |  7 PagesCorporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB). In doing so, first we will explore several facets of this issue including first the cost of funding from both a governmental and taxpayer perspective. Secondly, understanding the services provided and the audience served is integral in this discussion. Lastly, we will consider government’s role in media and education. 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Comparative Analysis of Financial Statements Between Two...

A Case Report on the Financial Statements of Reed Elsevier and Thomson Corporation Executive Summary With the objective to understand the business performance of the two entities, we reviewed the 2007 financial statements of both company and tried to obtain some insight on the profitability and solvency of each entity. The two companies we study are: Reed Elsevier and Thomson, in the filed of information and publishing. Reed Elsevier is listed in below stock exchanges: REN (Euronext Amsterdam), REL (London), RUK and ENL (NYSE). Thomson was shown (before acquiring Reuters) as TOC (NYSE) and TOC (TSX). As the two multinational companies we are studying covering diversified businesses, here in the article we are only†¦show more content†¦Net Income from Discontinued Operations†¨ The amount shown on the income statement under discontinued operations is the profit made during the period from the businesses that will not be a part of the company in the future. The net profit for the year of Reed Elsevier is higher almost by 50% due to the profit made from discontinued operations. The net profit of the Thompson Corporation has also grown by almost 4 times, which is also due mostly to the earnings from discontinued operations. Net Profit Margin Now let’s see how much profit a company makes for every $ 1 it generates in revenue. Profit margins vary by industry, but all else being equal, the higher a company’s profit margin compared to its competitors, the better. Reed Elsevier: 1,713 / 6,693= 0.26 Thompson: 1,096 / 7,296 = 0.15 Return on Equity (ROE) One of the most important profitability metrics is return on equity. Return on equity reveals how much profit a company earned in comparison to the total amount of shareholder equity. It’s what the shareholders â€Å"own†. A business that has a high return on equity is more likely to be one that is capable of generating cash internally. 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Madhavan Nair as Managing Director of it.In the beginning, the paper was published a week and had just one edition from Kozhikode (Calicut).Now with fourteen editions, includingRead MoreSummary of Research for Accounting Changes and Error Analysis1143 Words   |  5 PagesAccounting Changes and Error Analysis Companies have always faced issues of how to reflect changes in accounting methods and error corrections in financial statements. A change in accounting principle results when an entity adopts a generally accepted accounting principle different from the one it used previously (Hall 2007). A presumption exists that an accounting principle once adopted shall not be changed in accounting for events and transactions of a similar type (Financial Accounting Standards Board)Read MoreFinancial Analysis : The General Electric Company1696 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Financial analysis gives the clear outlook of the performance parameters of an organization. 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Online Dispute Resolution in India free essay sample

The scope of the project extends to studying the success of the alternative dispute resolution in India and how far has legislature been successful in doing so. I tried to explain this by first starting with the early prevalence if any form of ADR. I have also mentioned the use of E-justice system in India. The project is based on doctrinal method of research as field work on this topic is quite impossible. I have mainly used the internet to obtain web articles and write ups. Due to lack of expertise and time constraints, I had to use secondary sources to do the research work which is the limitation of this project. (3) Research questions †¢ Legislative efforts since pre independence. †¢ The current prevalence and influence of ADR in India. (4) Chapterisation I have divided the project into various chapters each dealing with different aspects of the topic. In the initial chapters, I have discussed elaborately the legislative efforts in India to promote ADR. We will write a custom essay sample on Online Dispute Resolution in India or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Every society, every community, every culture has some or the other form/s of resolving the disputes faced by their constituents. Often, the longer and more prosperous the lineage, the more refined and varied the mechanisms. India is a country of many cultures and hence several dispute resolution mechanisms (DRMs) have evolved and been customized over time. We had the Gulas, the Kulas, and the Shrenis, DRMs tailor-made for different segments of society. We also had – and still have in several regions – the Panchayats, which exercise social influence within geographical boundaries. With the advent of British colonization, these varied DRMs by and large gave way to formal Courts of Law based on Anglo-Saxon jurisprudence. Article 21 of the Constitution of India declares in a mandatory tone that no person shall be deprived of his life or his personal liberty except according to procedure established by law. The words â€Å"life and liberty† are not to be read narrowly in the sense drearily dictated by dictionaries; they are organic terms to be construed meaningfully. Further, the procedure mentioned in the Article is not some semblance of a procedure but it should be â€Å"reasonable, fair and just†. 1] Thus, the right to speedy trial has been rightly held to be a part of right to life or personal liberty by the Supreme Court of India. [2] The Supreme Court has allowed Article 21 to stretch its arms as wide as it legitimately can. [3] The reason is very simple. This liberal interpretation of Article 21 is to redress that mental agony, expense and strain which a person proceeded against in criminal law[4] has to undergo and which, coupled with delay, may result in impairing the capability or ability of the accused to defend himself effectively. Thus, the Supreme Court has held the right to speedy trial a manifestation of fair, just and reasonable procedure enshrined in Article 21. A speedy trial encompasses within its sweep all its stages including investigation, inquiry, trial, appeal, revision and re-trial. In other words, everything commencing with an accusation and expiring with the final verdict falls within its ambit. The constitutional philosophy propounded as right to speedy trial has though grown in age by almost two and a half decades, the goal sought to be achieved is yet a far-off peak. The failures of prosecuting agencies and executive[5] to act and to secure expeditious and speedy trial have persuaded the Supreme Court in devising solutions which go to the extent of almost enacting by judicial verdict bars of limitation beyond which the trial shall not proceed and the arm of law shall lose its hold. [6] The validity or justness of those decisions is not the matter to be decided but the seriousness of delay in the conclusion of criminal and civil matters must be appreciated at the earliest. This seriousness was appreciated and accepted by many[7], including the Constitutional Courts[8], long before. The same has got recognition from the â€Å"legislature† as well in the form of introduction of â€Å"Alternative Dispute Resolution† (ADR) Mechanism (ADRM) through various statutes. There is a growing awareness among the masses as well regarding ADR and people are increasingly using the same for getting their disputes settled outside the court. This will also reduce the â€Å"backlog problem’ that India is facing. It is now universally accredited that ‘Justice delayed is Justice denied’. The existing justice system is not able to cope up with the ever-increasing burden of civil and criminal litigation. There is growing awareness that in the majority of cases court action is not an appropriate remedy for seeking justice. We have to formulate effective Alternative Dispute Resolution Mechanisms to ease the present burden of judicial functioning. The backlog of cases is increasing day by day but criticising judiciary for the same is a wrong practice. It must be noted that the backlog is a product of â€Å"inadequate judge population ratio† and the lack of basic infrastructure. The government has to play a pro-active role in this direction. Legislative efforts in  India Old Law One of the several benefits of the British rule over India was that we got some very robust laws. Several of these exist till date (after over 60 years of Independence) without any major amendments. However, the flip side was that at the altar of ‘Uniformity’ were sacrificed all the then existing DRMs, which were by and large enabling satisfactory outcomes. What was worse was that the system that replaced them soon started showing its colours the formal procedures of the Courts of Law not only took their own time but also provided umpteen loop-holes to the ingenious lawyers to stretch that time even further, if that suited their clients? nterests. This had a telling effect on the backlogs in court registries across the nation. To give an extreme example, the Bombay High Court is currently taking up Final Hearing of Plaints filed in the 80s and 90s. An Appeal from an Order/Judgment in these cases will take roughly another 5 to 7 years from date of filing and a further Appeal to the Supreme Court could take an additional 2 years. Arbitration too has seen its name sullied thanks to the Ad Hoc version adopted by the lawyers drafting their clients? contracts. With no institution to keep a check on their schedule, the Arbitrators become masters unto themselves. Arbitral hearings, when held, are often as prolix as the court hearings. One can’t blame the Arbitrators for that, as they are usually retired judges and that’s the only way they know how to conduct hearings. By and large, in the initial period, the scheduled hearings are held only to give fresh dates of hearings on some or the other ground ranging from non completion of records to the ill-health of someone connected to the proceedings or related to that someone. This continues till the parties’ patience is found to be wearing thin. Thereafter, substantive work is done at the arbitral hearings, but they go on for only half a day, i. . , 2 to 3 hours, with considerable time going in recaps and agenda settings for future hearings. There are of course exceptions to this trend, especially amongst arbitrators, who are either newly retired judges, practicing lawyers or those coming from a non-legal background. The parties and their lawyers, due to fear of antagonizing their Arbitrators, refrain from attempting to rein them in. Some lawyers see this as a ‘win-win’ situation between themselves and the Arbitrators as they get to charge for the whole day (plus for the earlier days? preparation) for the hour or so of arbitral hearing on a given day.

The Civilization of West Europe Making Steps towards the Progress

Because of various factors influencing the development of nations and the shaping of the specific national peculiarities, the pace of West Europe development is considerably different from the one of the other parts of the world, which predetermines the specific features of the West European countries and their unusual features that distinguish them from the rest of the world.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Civilization of West Europe: Making Steps towards the Progress specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Analyzing the specific changes that occurred to the West Europe in the course of its development, one will be able not only to come to certain conclusions concerning the peculiarities of the West European culture, but also understand what issues and circumstances predetermined the given change. Thus, the reasons for the cultural difference between various countries will be found. In addition, the prerequisites of several major changes in the world politics, economics, financial and cultural life can be found if analyzing the changes in the West Europe carefully, which calls for an all-embracing consideration of the West Europe in XIX and the specifics of its development. It seems that there could not have been anything more romantic than the XIX-century England Victorian epoch. Introducing a whole world of refinement and elegance, the Victorian morals, though claimed by a number of people pretentious and fake (Pionke xvi), still seem to be an attempt on introducing certain flair of romantics into the prosaic world of the ordinary. However, it is necessary to admit that the Victorian Romanism also enhanced the evolution of privacy ideas and the concept of private exchange of letters, which, in its turn, must have served as a powerful incentive for the further personal rights campaign and the development of post service secrecy. According to Pionke, the Victorian epoch neglected the privacy rules until a certain event that served as a turning point of the Victorian mail history: Welsh observes that Victorian novels with blackmail plots often endorse not a revelation, but a reconcealing, of the truth as the proper and of ethical behavior whereas Vincent uses the Post Office scandal of 1844 – when it was discovered that the Post Office regularly opened suspicious mail, including potentially that of radical MPs – as an introduction to ways in which certain forms of information were concealed from public in the name of national security. (xvii)Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, the necessity to reconsider the conspiracy of private correspondence in the Victorian culture was obvious. Predetermined by the ideas of human rights and freedoms, the given situation was an obvious violation of people’s rights. However, it is quite debatable whether it wa s the notorious Post Office scandal of 1844 that changed the situation completely, or the advent of Romantic individualism, which â€Å"with its overwhelming valuation of the secret self and the poetic soul, as well as the pressures of political and economic instability† (Pionke xvii) speeded up the development of the mail privacy significance. One of the most tragic events in the history of the humankind, the epoch of battling with cholera, as well as the thousands of lives that cholera had taken, will always remain the darkest page of the world history – and at the same time the period when people displayed incredible courage and the willingness to survive and save the rest of the humanity. Induced by the lack – or, one had better said, complete absence – of sanitation, the disease was spreading at the increasing pace, despite the medics’ attempts to stop it. However, it is worth noting that the reaction of medics and the government towards the s urge of the disease differed considerably, which was predetermined by specific financial and economical factors. Because of taking different approaches to vanquish the same problem of poverty and the anti-sanitation issue, as well as the amazing discovery made by Robert Koch, the epidemic was successfully defeated. As Oppemheimer and Susser explained, â€Å"the cholera poison, subsequently germinated in the soil, would be transmitted locally through the atmosphere, but, contrary to Koch’s assertion, never by water or person-to-person† (1239).Not being able to control the cholera dispersion, the government should have implemented certain sanitary reforms, as Oppemheimer and Susser (1239) argued. Therefore, the course of actions of the government in the time when cholera was raging concerned issuing the acts concerning the norms of sanity, while medics focused on the medicine that could serve as the protection from the cholera virus.Advertising We will write a custo m essay sample on The Civilization of West Europe: Making Steps towards the Progress specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Because of the deplorable state of sanitation in the countries in the XIX century, the reason for the epidemic was quite complicated to spot. Hence, the ideas that Koch offered were quite novel and not really credible. However, Oppemheimer and Susser claim that as soon as the treatment offered by Koch proved efficient, the situation changed radically: â€Å"In Hamburg, he ordered interventions that von Pettenkofer regularly repudiated – isolation, quarantine, disinfection, and the boiling of water before its consumption† (1240). If it had not been for the dramatic discovery of Robert Koch, the history of the humankind must have turned out much shorter and less glorious. However, it is worth mentioning that the government also conducted the course of actions that were targeted at vanquishing the plague. De spite certain discrepancies in the policy of the government and Koch’s course of actions, cholera was finally defeated, though with huge losses. Considering the main problems of the XIX-century world, one must admit that slavery was the main scourge of the society in the distant 1810-1890ies. However, with the help of certain factors concerning the religious and economical issues, the idea of slavery as a part and parcel of the social structure and the economical model of the society started to wear off, which resulted in another stupendous change in the course of the humankind development. However, it should be acknowledged that, out of all reasons for the abolition of slavery, the economical ones were the most essential. With the advent of the new technologies and the development of machinery-based manufacturing, the need in slavery wore out, which drove to the reason for abolition. As Milwood admits, There is a falseness of the claim that Britain abolished slavery. From th e concrete evidence, British and European abolition of slavery was a paper gesture only. Abolition was not on moral grounds, ethical or theological grounds. (99)Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Meanwhile, the role of the religion in the process of the slave abolition, in contrast to what one might have expected, was to sustain the slavery regime, supporting it by the fact that religion must offer the slaves the consolation, not the way out of their dominated position. According to Milwood, religion was used in order to persuade people in the necessity of slavery as the stronghold of the society: Reverend John Smith, when he was dispatched on his mission to Demerara in 1816, was told ‘Not a word must escape you in public or private which might dislocate or render the slaves to be displeased with their situation. You are not sent to relieve then from their servitude condition, but to offer them the consolation of religion.’ (Milwood 100) Thus, slavery was obviously being ousted by the capitalistic ideas. However, operating the religious ideas, the authorities were trying to create obstacles in the way of the abolitionist movement. Nevertheless, the social and te chnological changes were too great for the slavery regime to continue. Another peculiar phenomenon in the history of Europe, the phenomenon of charivari should also be considered thoroughly. Being one of the ways in which justice was restored in the XIX century, charivari in French, or samosud in Russian, was considered the way in which justice could be restored when the authorities could not pass the adequate judgement. As Vogler explained, Within the category of the unmediated popular justice, the strongest legacies of traditional practices lie in the unsanctioned vigilantism which erupts in even highly developed or urban communities. In the English tradition, these have been represented by ‘skimmingtons,’ ‘chivarees’ and ‘rough music’ which essentially involved community victimization and punishment of deviants [†¦]. Such anarchic practices were merely part of popular rural justice which, for example, in France took the form of the char ivari and in Russia the samosud [†¦]. Therefore, people considered it their moral authority to accept the role of vigilantes and restore the justice that has been scorned and the violated rights of the population. As Vogler explains, in most cases, the issue in question concerned the problem of property crime (225) and demonstrated the lack of efficiency that the legal justice system had on the criminals and the criminal situation in the countries (46). Thus, Vogler emphasized the fact that the justice system of the XIX century left much to be desired, which enhanced the surge of the samosud incidents. Declaring complete helplessness of the existing system of justice, samosud and charivari peaked in such climaxes as lynch mobs and Ku-Klux-Klan (Vogler 2005), which meant that charivari was not the means to fight crimes but were themselves another variation of the latter. Together with the major changes concerning the sphere of economics, politics and the social life, emancipatio n of the society took place in the XIX century. However, despite the attempts of the adepts of feminist movement to inhale certain social ideas in the emancipation of the world, these were obviously the economical reasons that spurred women’s participation in economics and obtaining jobs in department stores. It is quite peculiar, thought, that in the United States by the XIX century, women employment was no longer a problem, in contrast to the situation in Europe. As Barth marks, â€Å"throughout the second half of the nineteenth century, the absence of women in the center of London, Paris, Berlin or Vienna struck American travelers in Europe† (Barth 121). However, it is worth mentioning that, because of the emancipation ideas that came to the forth in the XIX century, the necessity to offer women certain job opportunities was obvious. Unless West Europe offered women workplace in a certain field, Europe would not have been recognized as a developed country by the Uni ted States, where the ideas of emancipation had already took the hold of the social life standards and promoted equality between men and women, touching upon the issue of employment as well. As Barth explained, â€Å"the department store made the new phenomenon of a feminine public possible† (121). Therefore, predetermined by the necessity to keep in pace with the progress, the West European countries were to offer job propositions to women. Though the job prospects were at first limited by department stores which â€Å"thrived on the concentrated urban markets and on the industrial sector of the American economy† (Barth 121) and clerk desks, later on women managed to get the access to more responsible positions. However, judging from the current state of affairs, department stores are still mostly the realm of women, mostly due to the specifics of the work (Barth 122). The last, but not the least issue concerning the development of the West European countries and the obstacles that stood in their way to the progress, the World War I must be mentioned. Although the war can be considered an inevitable step on the way of the humankind development and reaching for another stage of progress, it cannot be denied that war took away millions of lives all over Europe and is one of the most tragic events ever occurring not only in the history of Europe, but also in the history of the world. Because of constant threat of being killed and even more dreadful prospect that the Triple Alliance could capture the entire world, the soldiers’ perception of reality changed completely once they faced their first battle. In addition to the lack of physical comfort, people were suffering the change of world perception, which, in its turn, contributed to the creation of such idea as â€Å"there are no atheists in the foxholes.† However, according to Upshur et al., the given observation is not quite true, since â€Å"hardly one soldier in a hundred was in spired by religious feeling of even the crudest kind. It would have been difficult to remain religious in the trenches even if one had survived the irreligion of the training battalion at home† (756). Indeed, in the place where people have to kill the foes without thinking, religion would have been rather a nuisance. Therefore, the idea that â€Å"there are no atheists in the foxholes† is wrong. Hence, it cam be concluded that the development of West Europe was far from being integral and well-paced; moreover, it is worth mentioning that the West European progress was often introduced by the harsh changes and a variety of consequences. Hence, it is important to mark that in West Europe, several essential steps towards progress were made in the XIX century, which enhanced the development of the rest of the world, like the ideas on slavery abolition, which further on spread to the United States and enhanced a revolution in the country. Therefore, the significance of the c hanges in West Europe cannot be denied; moreover, it is obvious that the changes in the West European society triggered a number of events that contributed to the world progress. Thus, West Europe of the XIX century played a crucial role in establishing the new moral values and introducing a new way of life that was further on considered the stronghold of the civilization, which allows to suggest that the development of West Europe has enhanced the progress of the rest of the world and contributed to the history of the humankind considerably. Works Cited Barth, Gunther. City People: The Rise of Modern City Culture in Nineteenth-Century  America. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1982. Print. Milwood, Robinson A. European Christianity and the Atlantic Slave Trade: A Black  Hermeneutical Study. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2007. Print. Oppenheimer, Gerald M. and Elza Susser. â€Å"Invited Commentary: The Context and Challenge of von Pettenkofer’s Contribution to Epidem iology.† American Journal of epidemiology, 166.11, 2007: 1239-1241. Pionke, Albert D. Plots of Opportunity: Representing Conspiracy in Victorian England.  Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, 2004. Print. Vogler, Richard. A World View of Criminal Justice. Farnham, UK: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2005. Print. Upshur, Jiu-Hwa, et al. World History: Advantage Edition. Stamford, CN: Cengage Learning, 2011. Print. This essay on The Civilization of West Europe: Making Steps towards the Progress was written and submitted by user Sonia Sutton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Earn an Online MBA Degree

How to Earn an Online MBA Degree Online MBA programs are a popular choice by older adults and mid-career professionals who want to earn a degree without sacrificing their career and family life. Online ​MBA programs are also becoming a fast favorite of the younger crowd, who are looking for ways to earn a graduate degree while keeping their current employment. Many find that online MBA courses offer a flexibility that cant be found in traditional schools. If youre considering earning an online MBA, make sure you do your homework. Knowing the basics will help you make an informed decision about whether or not these programs are right for you. How Online MBA Programs Are Different From Traditional MBA Programs Distance learning and traditional MBA programs generally share a similar type of curriculum and can be considered equally difficult (depending, of course, on the particular school). Instead of spending hours in class, online MBA students are expected to dedicate their time to studying independently. Online curriculum generally consists of lectures, readings, assignments, and participation in online discussions. Some programs also offer multimedia components such as video lectures, podcasting, and video conferencing. Online MBA students from some programs are expected to physically attend a certain number of courses or workshops in order to acquire residency hours. Required tests can usually be taken with proctors in your own community. Online MBA students don’t spend less time studying than their traditional student counterparts. But, they are given the power to fit their school hours into their own schedules. Determining if an MBA Program Is Respectable This question deserves a qualified â€Å"yes.† There are two main factors in determining a business school’s respectability: accreditation and reputation. Online MBA programs that are accredited by the proper agencies should be respected by your future employers and colleagues. However, there are many unaccredited or â€Å"diploma mill† programs that give out worthless degrees. Avoid them at all costs. A school with a good reputation can also add respectability to an online MBA degree. Much like law schools, business schools receive rankings from organizations such as Business Week that can affect future employment. Online students may not be offered the same high-paying, big corporation jobs that graduates from top-ranked schools such as Wharton are. However, there are plenty of companies willing to hire MBA grads with degrees from other institutions. Reasons People Earn Their MBAOnline Online MBA students come from all walks of life. Many distance learning students are mid-career when they decide to get another degree. Older professionals with jobs and family responsibilities often find the flexibility of online programs to be a good fit. Some online students are looking for a career change but still want to maintain their current job until they get their MBA. Others are already working in business and earn their degree in order to be eligible for job promotions. How Long Do Online MBAs Take to Complete The time it takes to finish an online MBA degree varies according to the school and the specialization. Some intensive MBA programs can be finished in as few as nine months. Other programs can take up to four years. Adding specializations to a degree can take even longer. Some schools allow students greater flexibility to work at their own pace while others require that students adhere to more demanding deadlines. Cost of Earning an Online Degree One online MBA degree can​ be had for $10,000, another for $100,000. The cost of tuition varies substantially from college to college. Pricey doesn’t necessarily mean better (although some of the more expensive schools have some of the best reputations). Your employer may be willing to pay for part or all of your educational expenses, particularly if he or she thinks you’ll be sticking with the company. You may also be awarded grants, receive institutional or private scholarships, or qualify for financial aid. Advantages in Having an MBA Many online MBA graduates have used their new degrees to excel at the workplace, gain promotions, and achieve career success. Others have found that their time could have been better spent elsewhere. Those who find their degrees to be â€Å"worth it† share several traits in common: they knew they wanted to work in the business field beforehand, they chose a school with proper accreditation and a positive reputation, and their specialization was appropriate for the type of work they wanted to do. Enrolling in an online MBA program is not a decision to take lightly. Accredited programs require hard work, time, and effort. But, for the right person, an online MBA can be a great way to get a jumpstart in the world of business.

Chinese popular culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Chinese popular culture - Essay Example Speaking about Chinese television, the 20th century is deservingly considered to be revolutionary in the field. In the 20th century you could hardly find a person who did not watch TV and now with the development of internet, television still does not loose its popularity. Then with the development of technology new opportunities appeared for people providing the chance to listen to the music and watch films every day, every moment, every second. Moreover, art became something very prestigious and musicians turned into the most influential people in the society. Braester points out â€Å"with the rise of â€Å"cultural economy† (wenhua jingji) in the mid-1990s, cultural capital and economic capital became exchangeable. Cultural references could be cashed in to enhance the monetary value of a commercial project, and the brokers of culture became powerful elite. Under these circumstances, ?lmmakers – like their counterparts in music distribution, art exhibition and liter ary promotion – could bene?t from their skills as producers of artifacts of wide appeal and their proximity to intellectual circles to become in?uential middlemen† (Braester, 2006, p. 551). The 20-21st centuries brought the new opportunities to make experiments. The popularity the television gained attracted young generations to the field of art. Now the number of musicians is growing every day as the youth is fond of music very much. With the elimination of many prejudices the Chinese society has been always full of, new opportunities to make different experiments appeared, thus new waves appeared and the development of the music accelerated. The development of technology does not bring benefits to all the fields of media. Some fields became less popular, because other fields appeared. One field that simply could not benefit from this development is the newspaper industry. It is no need to say that the development of technology made newspapers and journals useless. How ever, China can be called an exception. Chinese people still consider newspapers and journals to be the main sources of information. There are five types of popular newspapers that people like very much: evening newspapers, business issues, weekly informative newspapers and law newspapers. Speaking about the evolution of newspapers since 1978, it is essential to mention that the newspapers and journals changed much, became bright and informative. The number of newspapers and journals has also increased. In 1980 there were 80 newspapers in the country and now their number increased to 2,200. The whole number of journals and newspapers in China now grew to many millions due to new economic opportunities, which allow to open private publishing houses. Now Chinese people do not want the government to control media too strictly. The government is implementing the full control only over the news. Chinese population received more opportunities for self-expression. Globalization brought man y changes to all the areas of media. Kloet states: â€Å"over the past decades, disjunctive ?ows of capital, people, technologies, media and ideologies have been subject to profound changes that have deeply intensi?ed processes of globalization† (Kloet, 2005, p. 610). Television and newspapers are two fields, which shape the life of people in today’s Chinese society. Sometimes the influence of media is even considered to be harmful, for example, media is accused in